Ulangan 21:10-23
Konteks21:10 When you go out to do battle with your enemies and the Lord your God allows you to prevail 1 and you take prisoners, 21:11 if you should see among them 2 an attractive woman whom you wish to take as a wife, 21:12 you may bring her back to your house. She must shave her head, 3 trim her nails, 21:13 discard the clothing she was wearing when captured, 4 and stay 5 in your house, lamenting for her father and mother for a full month. After that you may have sexual relations 6 with her and become her husband and she your wife. 21:14 If you are not pleased with her, then you must let her go 7 where she pleases. You cannot in any case sell 8 her; 9 you must not take advantage of 10 her, since you have already humiliated 11 her.
21:15 Suppose a man has two wives, one whom he loves more than the other, 12 and they both 13 bear him sons, with the firstborn being the child of the less loved wife. 21:16 In the day he divides his inheritance 14 he must not appoint as firstborn the son of the favorite wife in place of the other 15 wife’s son who is actually the firstborn. 21:17 Rather, he must acknowledge the son of the less loved 16 wife as firstborn and give him the double portion 17 of all he has, for that son is the beginning of his father’s procreative power 18 – to him should go the right of the firstborn.
21:18 If a person has a stubborn, rebellious son who pays no attention to his father or mother, and they discipline him to no avail, 19 21:19 his father and mother must seize him and bring him to the elders at the gate of his city. 21:20 They must declare to the elders 20 of his city, “Our son is stubborn and rebellious and pays no attention to what we say – he is a glutton and drunkard.” 21:21 Then all the men of his city must stone him to death. In this way you will purge out 21 wickedness from among you, and all Israel 22 will hear about it and be afraid.
21:22 If a person commits a sin punishable by death and is executed, and you hang the corpse 23 on a tree, 21:23 his body must not remain all night on the tree; instead you must make certain you bury 24 him that same day, for the one who is left exposed 25 on a tree is cursed by God. 26 You must not defile your land which the Lord your God is giving you as an inheritance.
[21:10] 1 tn Heb “gives him into your hands.”
[21:11] 2 tn Heb “the prisoners.” The pronoun has been used in the translation for stylistic reasons, to avoid redundancy.
[21:12] 3 sn This requirement for the woman to shave her head may symbolize the putting away of the old life and customs in preparation for being numbered among the people of the
[21:13] 4 tn Heb “she is to…remove the clothing of her captivity” (cf. NASB); NRSV “discard her captive’s garb.”
[21:13] 5 tn Heb “sit”; KJV, NASB, NRSV “remain.”
[21:13] 6 tn Heb “go unto,” a common Hebrew euphemism for sexual relations.
[21:14] 7 sn Heb “send her off.” The Hebrew term שִׁלַּחְתָּה (shillakhtah) is a somewhat euphemistic way of referring to divorce, the matter clearly in view here (cf. Deut 22:19, 29; 24:1, 3; Jer 3:1; Mal 2:16). This passage does not have the matter of divorce as its principal objective, so it should not be understood as endorsing divorce generally. It merely makes the point that if grounds for divorce exist (see Deut 24:1-4), and then divorce ensues, the husband could in no way gain profit from it.
[21:14] 8 tn The Hebrew text uses the infinitive absolute for emphasis, which the translation indicates by the words “in any case.”
[21:14] 9 tn The Hebrew text includes “for money.” This phrase has not been included in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[21:14] 10 tn Or perhaps “must not enslave her” (cf. ASV, NAB, NIV, NRSV, NLT); Heb “[must not] be tyrannical over.”
[21:14] 11 sn You have humiliated her. Since divorce was considered rejection, the wife subjected to it would “lose face” in addition to the already humiliating event of having become a wife by force (21:11-13). Furthermore, the Hebrew verb translated “humiliated” here (עָנָה, ’anah), commonly used to speak of rape (cf. Gen 34:2; 2 Sam 13:12, 14, 22, 32; Judg 19:24), likely has sexual overtones as well. The woman may not be enslaved or abused after the divorce because it would be double humiliation (see also E. H. Merrill, Deuteronomy [NAC], 291).
[21:15] 12 tn Heb “one whom he loves and one whom he hates.” For the idea of שָׂנֵא (sane’, “hate”) meaning to be rejected or loved less (cf. NRSV “disliked”), see Gen 29:31, 33; Mal 1:2-3. Cf. A. Konkel, NIDOTTE 3:1256-60.
[21:15] 13 tn Heb “both the one whom he loves and the one whom he hates.” On the meaning of the phrase “one whom he loves and one whom he hates” see the note on the word “other” earlier in this verse. The translation has been simplified for stylistic reasons, to avoid redundancy.
[21:16] 14 tn Heb “when he causes his sons to inherit what is his.”
[21:16] 15 tn Heb “the hated.”
[21:17] 16 tn See note on the word “other” in v. 15.
[21:17] 17 tn Heb “measure of two.” The Hebrew expression פִּי שְׁנַיִם (piy shÿnayim) suggests a two-thirds split; that is, the elder gets two parts and the younger one part. Cf. 2 Kgs 2:9; Zech 13:8. The practice is implicit in Isaac’s blessing of Jacob (Gen 25:31-34) and Jacob’s blessing of Ephraim (Gen 48:8-22).
[21:17] 18 tn Heb “his generative power” (אוֹן, ’on; cf. HALOT 22 s.v.). Cf. NAB “the first fruits of his manhood”; NRSV “the first issue of his virility.”
[21:18] 19 tn Heb “and he does not listen to them.”
[21:20] 20 tc The LXX and Smr read “to the men,” probably to conform to this phrase in v. 21. However, since judicial cases were the responsibility of the elders in such instances (cf. Deut 19:12; 21:3, 6; 25:7-8) the reading of the MT is likely original and correct here.
[21:21] 21 tn The Hebrew term בִּעַרְתָּה (bi’artah), here and elsewhere in such contexts (cf. Deut 13:5; 17:7, 12; 19:19; 21:9), suggests God’s anger which consumes like fire (thus בָעַר, ba’ar, “to burn”). See H. Ringgren, TDOT 2:203-4.
[21:21] 22 tc Some LXX traditions read הַנִּשְׁאָרִים (hannish’arim, “those who remain”) for the MT’s יִשְׂרָאֵל (yisra’el, “Israel”), understandable in light of Deut 19:20. However, the more difficult reading found in the MT is more likely original.
[21:23] 24 tn The Hebrew text uses the infinitive absolute for emphasis, which the translation indicates by “make certain.”
[21:23] 25 tn Heb “hung,” but this could convey the wrong image in English (hanging with a rope as a means of execution). Cf. NCV “anyone whose body is displayed on a tree.”
[21:23] 26 sn The idea behind the phrase cursed by God seems to be not that the person was impaled because he was cursed but that to leave him exposed there was to invite the curse of God upon the whole land. Why this would be so is not clear, though the rabbinic idea that even a criminal is created in the image of God may give some clue (thus J. H. Tigay, Deuteronomy [JPSTC], 198). Paul cites this text (see Gal 3:13) to make the point that Christ, suspended from a cross, thereby took upon himself the curse associated with such a display of divine wrath and judgment (T. George, Galatians [NAC], 238-39).
